Du kan göra så här
SELECT
tu.id,
tr.name,
tu.points
FROM table_ranks as tr
LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM table_ranks LIMIT 1,69596585953484) as l
ON l.points_needed = (SELECT MIN(points_needed) FROM table_ranks WHERE points_needed > tr.points_needed limit 1)
LEFT OUTER JOIN table_users AS tu ON tu.points >= tr.points_needed AND tu.points < l.points_needed
WHERE tu.id IS NOT NULL
group by tu.id
Utdata
-------------------------
| id | points | name |
-------------------------
| 1 | lvl0 | 2 |
| 2 | lvl1 | 10 |
| 3 | lvl2 | 21 |
| 4 | lvl2 | 29 |
-------------------------